Functional testing is a software testing process that verifies whether an application works according to its defined specifications. It involves checking each function by providing the correct inputs and comparing the outputs with expected results. Functional testing ensures that user interactions and core functions work properly.
Example: In a banking app, functional testing would include ensuring that users can log in, check account balances, transfer money, and log out correctly while handling both valid and invalid inputs.

No, functional testing and UI testing are distinct, though they are related. Functional testing verifies that the application’s core functionalities operate as intended based on requirements, which may include backend processes, APIs, and business logic. UI testing, however, focuses on the application’s graphical user interface, ensuring that elements like buttons and menus provide the expected user experience. UI testing is often a part of functional testing but is just one aspect of it.

Yes, functional testing can be part of manual testing, though it is not exclusive to it. Manual functional testing involves testers carrying out test cases manually to ensure that the software works according to specifications. However, functional testing can also be automated using tools and frameworks, which enhances efficiency, repeatability, and coverage, particularly for regression testing and large-scale applications. Both manual and automated functional testing are critical for ensuring software quality and reliability.